Theory x, theory y, and theory z introduction to business. Becaus o thiefs dislik of worke, most people mus b coercedte, controlled, directed, o threatener witdh punishment to ge thet m to pu fortt h adequate effort toward achieving organizational objectives. Theory y provides opportunities to workers to take self direction, and initiative to encourage work environment. Theory y in this theory management assumes employees are ambitious, selfmotivated, anxious to accept greater responsibility, and exercise selfcontrol and selfdirection. The xy theory diagram and measurement tool below pdf and doc versions are. In his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation. Theory x and theory y framework proposed by mcgregor in his classic book the human side of enterprise 1960 consists of two alternative set of assumptions. In his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, mcgregor proposed two theories by which managers perceive and address employee. Control, achievement and continuous improvement achieved by enabling, empowering and giving responsibility.
These theories are based on the premise that management has to assemble all the factors of production, including human beings, to get the work done. Theory x holds a negative traditional view of the workers while theory y holds a much refined and. Rather they are two different continua in themselves. Edwards deming w edwards deming was an american statistician who is associated with the rise of japan as a manufacturing nation, and with the invention of total quality management tqm. Application of theory x and y in classroom management by. Therefore most people must be motivated by forcedbribed with the threat of punishment or a reward to produce effort and work towards organizational objectives. Since their style of directing is encouraging, it only becomes a problem when its noticeably disingenuous or ineffective with the team as a whole. Much more difficult to receive, from a feedback perspective, is a strictly theory x approach. Feedback from a theory x and theory y perspective design shack. It also suggests, by being a precursor to x and y in the alphabet, that we are talking about a theory. For mcgregor, theory x and y are not different ends of the same continuum. Theory y put forward the idea that management by objectives and involving workers in the decisionmaking process would lead to the creation of a satisfied and more productive workforce. Theory x and theory y team management training from. Theory x and theory y are still referred to regularly in the fields of.
Motivating people using theory x and theory y youtube. Theory x and theory y douglas mcgregor douglas mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise published in 1960 has examined theories on behavior of individuals at work, and he has formulated two models which he calls theory x and theory y. Comparative analysis of theory x, theory y, theory z, and. The concept of theory x and theory y was first proposed by douglas mcgregor in his book human side of enterprise as a alternative sets assumptions about behavior and nature of people at work. There are two categories of leadership the classical organization theory existed till 1950 and. Theory x and theory y are descriptions of two extreme managerial styles. Theory x percieves employees to be lazy, irresponsible and untrustworthy, while according to theory y employees are approached as one of the most valuable assets of the company. Essentially theory x and theory y describe two opposing views of people at work that will influence management style. Theory x says that employees are unambitious, whereas the employees are highly ambitious says theory y. Small business owners in the sishane lighting and chandelier district. Older, strictly hierarchical conceptions of c2, with narrow centralization of decision rights, highly constrained patterns of interaction, and limited information distribution tend to arise from cultural and organizational assumptions compatible with theory x.
Theory x and theory y in 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. As you would expect, theory y sees motivation in the opposite manner of theory x. Mcgregors theory x and theory y theory of motivation. In 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi. Mcgregors theory x and theory y motivation about mcgregors. Theory x says that the average human being is lazy and selfcentred, lacks ambition, dislikes change, and longs to. Theory y has employees as more selfmotivated and liking the work and so on. It was in 1957 that douglas mcgregor first proposed the concept of theory x and theory y in. According to this view, management must actively intervene to get things done. These theories are based on human behaviour in management. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact.
Motivation theory x and theory y free management books. Douglas mcgregor, through his wellknown theory x and theory y, drew a distinction between the assumptions about human motivation which underlie these two approaches, to this effect. That history will explain why theory ys view of human nature is incomplete. Theory x power is supreme is the main theme of the theory where the people at work level have no authority to suggest or object anything except to carry out the orders of the supervisor. May 12, 2014 theory x and theory y is a concept that divides people into two groups based on their assumptions about others. Theory x, theory y, and theory z what youll learn to do. In theory, this method has much higher productivity because you rely a bit on the employee to be selfmotivated and encourage participation in. While theory y might help to explain the findings in the two laboratories, we clearly need something other than theory x or y assumptions to explain the findings in the plants. Latterly theory x has been considered as a negative way of dealing with employees. External motivation includes the forces which exist inside the individuals as well as the controlled by the manager, including items such as salaries, working conditions, company policy and job content items, such as recognition. Theory y managers are obviously the easiest to handle. Theory x and theory y are part of motivational theories.
They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit sloan school of management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s. Motivation, theory x and y, classroom, management manager and organisation introduction douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous theory x and y in his book the human side of enterprise in 1960. Theory x is often said to describe a traditional view of direction and control. Mcgregors work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of abraham maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs. Theory x and theory y of motivation explain with examples. Given the drawbacks of theory x, mcgregor developed an alternative theory of human behavior called theory y. Most managers will likely use a mixture of theory x and theory y. Theory y allows a business to expand while making more profit because factoryfloor workers have their own responsibility.
In this section youll learn more about three different managerial styles and their impact on employee motivation. Theory x and theory y behavior scale kopelman, prottas, and falk, 2008. Theory xtype organizations work on a carrot and stick basis, and performance assessment is part of the overall mechanism of control and compensation. The theories attempt to show how a managers perception of his team affects the behaviour of the manager and how they treat their team. Explanation of fourteen points of management by edward deming.
Theory x holds a negative traditional view of the workers while theory y holds a much refined and positive view of workers. Many years ago a professor named douglas mcgregor dubbed these perspectives theory x and theory y. Theory y maintains that human beings are active rather than passive shapers of. You might, for instance, have a tendency to micromanage or, conversely, you may prefer to take a more handsoff approach. Comparative analysis of theory x, theory y, theory z, and theory.
Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and. Mar 21, 20 theory x and theory y framework proposed by mcgregor in his classic book the human side of enterprise 1960 consists of two alternative set of assumptions. Employees can view work as being as natural as rest or play. The idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. Organizational behaviour in the context of people management consists of several theories in which theory x, theory y, theory z are the newly introduced. Theory x and theory y is a concept that divides people into two groups based on their assumptions about others. Theory x is an authoritarian style where the emphasis is on productivity, on the concept of a fair days work, on the evils of featherbedding and restriction of output, on rewards for performance tim hindle 2003. It follows the same algebraicunknown nomenclature scheme of theory x and theory y that suggests that well never really know the whole answer. The x y theory questionnaire page 1 of 2 indicates whether the situation and management style is the x or y style.
Theory x gives importance to supervision, while theory y stresses on rewards and recognition. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. Leadership styles are determined by the ways in which a leader perceives those under him and the assumptions he holds about human behavior. Explain the implications of theory x, theory y, and theory z for employee management mcgregors theory x and theory y the idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. There really arent that many pros to theory x since mcgregor did have to come up with a new and better theory, theory y. Theory x and theory y assumptions, merits and demerits. People will exercise selfdirection and selfcontrol if they are committed to the objectives. Theory x says that the average human being is lazy and selfcentred, lacks ambition, dislikes change, and longs to be told what to do. These are the theories of human motivation and management. If you believe that your team members dislike their work and have little motivation, then, according to mcgregor, youll likely use an authoritarian style of. The theory x and theory y are the theories of motivation given by douglas mcgregor in 1960s. The purpose of this paper is to apply mcgregors theory x and theory y to study teacher motivation in higher education. In actual practice, most managers today practice a combination of theory x and theory y styles of management. Mcgregors theory x and theory y douglas mcgregors in his book the human side of enterprise published in 1960, explained two different kinds of theories or assumptions about human behavior.
From this he formulated two models of management based on hierarchy into lowerorder needs theory x and higherorder needs theory y. Theory x assumes that people dislike work and will avoid doing anything they dont have to do. As per theory x, it has been inferred that people do not like taking responsibilities and avoids it to the extent possible. Theory w is a nice name for the theory of talent management i am starting to make up. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact on organizational performance. Theory x and theory y theory x and theory y proposed by mcgregor suggesting two aspects of human behaviors one of which is negative called theory x and another is positive called theory y to view employee motivation. Coming to theory ytype organizations, appraisal is also regular and crucial, but is usually a separate mechanism from organizational controls.
They discover the ways in which worker can make a contribution to an organization. This lesson goes over these additional learning goals. Under this theory, the employees are highly selfmotivated, and they need little encouragement from upper management to deliver quality results on a day to day basis. Theory x and theory y also have implications in military command and control c2. Theory x and y were created and developed by douglas mcgregor in the. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit. The idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor. Application theory x management style is widely accepted as inferior to others, it has its place in large scale production operation and unskilled production line work. These theories explain two models of motivation applied by the managers in organizational communication. Difference between theory x and theory y with comparison. Theory x theory x assumes that employees are naturally unmotivated and dislike working, and this encourages an authoritarian style of management. Sep 02, 2015 application theory x management style is widely accepted as inferior to others, it has its place in large scale production operation and unskilled production line work.
These theories continue to be important even today. Theory y principles to encourage knowledge sharing and continuous improvement. This article and video will explore mcgregors theory further, and well look at how it applies in the workplace. Mcgregors theory x and y douglas mcgregor wrote the book the human side of enterprise in 1960 he examined individuals behaviour at work. Theory x the theory leads to mistrust, highly restrictive supervision, a punitive atmosphere, threat and coercion to gain employees compliance theory x managers feel the sole purpose of the employees interest in the job is money they will blame the person, without questioning whether it may be the system. Theory x and y were created and developed by douglas mcgregor in the 1960s.
The idea behind using letters x and y, perhaps seems to be using a neutral terminology, which does not convey any sense of badness or goodness associated with these theories. Designmethodologyapproach an empirical study was conducted through. Mcgregors theory x and theory y motivation free online tutorials for principles of management and organisational behaviour 12729 courses with. They also encourage teamwork, decision making and decentralization of authority. Theory x the theory leads to mistrust, highly restrictive supervision, a punitive atmosphere, threat and coercion to gain employees compliance theory x managers feel the sole purpose of the employees interest in the job is money they will blame the person, without questioning whether it. Two of the surveys had to be eliminated due to missing. Managers can be said to follow either view of their workforce. Theory x individuals believe people are untrustworthy, generally try to avoid work. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. Both the theories, which are very different from each other, are used by managers to motivate their employees. Given the drawbacks of theoryx, mcgregor developed an alternative theory of human behavior called theoryy. Mcgregors ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. Douglas mcgregor has developed two sets of assumptions about human behaviour. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its.
Jul 08, 2017 theory x assumes that an employee dislikes work, while theory y presupposes that work is natural for employees. Theory x and theory y were first explained by mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise, and they refer to two styles of management authoritarian theory x and participative theory y. Theory x and theory y was an idea devised by douglas mcgregor see article in his 1960 book the human side of enterprise. Theory y implies a more self directed workforce that takes an interest in the goals.
Both of these theories begin with the premise that managements role is to assemble the factors of production, including people. Both of these theories begin with the premise that managements role is to. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi theory x an authoritarian style of management the average worker dislikes work. Th average humae n bein has agnin herent dislik of wore k an wild avoil d it if possible. Theory y management style is suited to knowledge work and professional services. He avoided descriptive labels and simply called the theories theory x and theory y. You may, however, find that you naturally favor one over the other. Mcgregors xy theory is a natural rule for managing people. Theory x and theory y were developed in the 1960s and describe two different, almost opposite, attitudes to motivation in the workplace.
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